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List of African-American inventors and scientists

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This list of African Americans inventors and scientists documents many of the African-Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, plus the medical, nuclear and space science.

Among the earliest was George Washington Carver, whose reputation was based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, which aided in nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts.^[1] He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.

A later renowned scientist was Percy Lavon Julian, a research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, steroids, progesterone, and testosterone, from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills.

A contemporary example of a modern-day inventor is Lonnie George Johnson, an engineer. Johnson invented the Super Soaker water gun, which was the top-selling toy in the United States from 1991 to 1992. In 1980 Johnson formed his own law firm and licensed the Super Soaker water gun to Larami Corporation. Two years later, the Super Soaker generated over $200 million in retail sales and became the best selling toy in America. Larami Corporation was eventually purchased by Hasbro, the second largest toy manufacturer in the world. Over the years, Super Soaker sales have totaled close to one billion dollars. Johnson reinvested a majority of his earnings from the Super Soaker into research and development for his energy technology companies – "It's who I am, it's what I do."^[2] Currently,^[when?] Johnson holds over 80 patents, with over 20 more pending, and is the author of several publications on spacecraft power systems.^[3][4]

Name	Years	Occupation(s)	Inventions / accomplishments	References
Amos, Harold	1918–2003	Microbiologist	First African-American department chair at Harvard Medical School	[5]
Alcorn, George Edward, Jr.	1940–	Physicist, inventor	Invented a method of fabricating an imaging X-ray spectrometer	[6][7]
Andrews, James J.	1930–1998	Mathematician	Put forth the Andrews–Curtis conjecture in group theory with Morton L. Curtis, still unsolved	[8]
Alexander, Archie	1888–1958	Civil engineer	Responsible for the construction of many roads and bridges, including the Whitehurst Freeway, the Tidal Basin Bridge, and an extension to the Baltimore-Washington Parkway.
Bailey, Leonard C.	1825–1918	Inventor	Folding bed	[9]
Ball, Alice Augusta	1892–1916	Chemist	Extracted chaulmoogra oil for the treatment of Hansen's disease (leprosy)	[10]
Banneker, Benjamin	1731–1806	Almanac author; surveyor; farmer	Constructed wooden clock; astronomer; mathematician; assisted in the survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia; authored a series of almanacs and ephemerides; naturalist: recorded observations on emergences of periodical cicadas and on the behavior of honey bees.	[11]
Banyaga, Augustin	1947–	Mathematician	Work on diffeomorphisms and symplectomorphisms	[12]
Bashen, Janet	1957–	Inventor, entrepreneur, professional consultant	First African-American woman to receive a patent for a web-based software invention, LinkLine, an Equal Employment Opportunity case management and tracking software	[13]
Bath, Patricia	1942–2019	Ophthalmologist	First African-American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention; inventions relate to cataract surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s, and an ultrasound technique for treatment	[14][15][16]
Beard, Andrew	1849–1921	Farmer, carpenter, blacksmith, railroad worker, businessman, inventor	Janney coupler improvements; invented the car device #594,059 dated November 23, 1897; rotary engine patent #478,271 dated July 5, 1892	[17]
Bell, Earl S.	1977–	Inventor, entrepreneur, architect, industrial designer	Invented chair with sliding skin (2004) and the quantitative display apparatus (2005)	[18] [19] [20]
Benjamin, Miriam	1861–1947	Inventor, educator	Invented "Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels"; second African-American woman to receive a patent	[21]
Berry, Leonidas	1902–1995	Gastroenterologist	Gastroscope pioneer	[22]
Bharucha-Reid, Albert T.	1927–1985	Mathematician, statistician	Probability theory and Markov chain theorist	[23]
Black, Keith	1957–	Neurosurgeon	Brain tumor surgery and research	[24][25]
Blackwell, David	1919–2010	Mathematician, statistician	First proposed the Blackwell channel model used in coding theory and information theory; one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem, which is a process that significantly improves crude statistical estimators	[26]
Blair, Henry	1807–1860	Inventor	Second black inventor to issue a patent; invented seed planter and cotton planter.	[27] [28]
Boahen, Kwabena	1964–	Bioengineer	Silicon retina able to process images in the same manner as a living retina	[29][30]
Boone, Sarah	1832–1905	Inventor	Ironing board allowing sleeves of women's garments to be ironed more easily	[31][32][33]
Bouchet, Edward	1852–1918	Physicist	First African-American to receive a PhD in any subject; received physics doctorate from Yale University in 1876
Bowman, James	1923–2011	Physician	Pathologist and geneticist; Professor Emeritus Pritzker School of Medicine; first tenured African-American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences	[34][35]
Boykin, Otis	1920–1982	Inventor, engineer	Artificial heart pacemaker control unit	[36][37][38]
Brady, St. Elmo	1884–1966	Chemist	Published three scholarly abstracts in Science; collaborated on a paper published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry	[39]
Branson, Herman	1914–1995	Physicist, educator	Protein structure research	[40][41]
Brooks, Charles	1865– ?	Inventor[citation needed]	Street sweeper truck and a type of paper punch	[42][43]
Henry Brown	1832– ?	Inventor	Invented fire safe	[44]
Brown, Oscar E.	18xx– ?	Inventor	Received a patent for an improved horseshoe[45]
Brown, Marie Van Brittan	1922–1999	Inventor	Invented the home security system	[46]
Burr, John Albert	18xx– ?	Inventor	Rotary-blade lawn mower patent	[47]
Cannon, Thomas C.	1943–	Inventor	Led a group of engineers who developed the Tactical Optical Fiber Connector (TOFC), the first fiber optic connector deployed under battlefield conditions, and the ST Connector that helped make fiber optic communications affordable.
Cardozo, William Warrick	1905–1962	Pediatrician	Sickle cell anemia studies; in October 1937 he published "Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia" in the Archives of Internal Medicine; many of the findings are still valid today
Carson, Ben	1951–	Pediatric neurosurgeon	Pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins University; first surgeon to successfully separate craniopagus twins	[48]
Carruthers, George	1939–	Astrophysicist	Invented ultraviolet camera/spectograph, which was used by NASA when it launched Apollo 16 in 1972	[46]
Carver, George Washington	1865–1943	Botanical researcher	Discovered hundreds of uses for previously useless vegetables and fruits, principally the peanut	[49][50][51][52]
Charles W. Chappelle	1872–1941	Electrician, construction, international businessman, and aviation pioneer	Designed long-distance flight airplane; the only African-American to invent and display the airplane at the 1911 First Industrial Air Show held in conjunction with the Auto Show at Grand Central Palace in Manhattan in New York City; president of the African Union Company, Inc.	[53][54][55]
Chappelle, Emmett	1925–2019	Scientist and researcher	Valuable contributions to several fields: medicine, biology, food science, and astrochemistry
Clark, Mamie	1914–2005	Psychologist	Conducted 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race
Clark, Kenneth	1917–1983	Psychologist	First Black president of the American Psychological Association	[56]
Crosthwait, David, Jr.	1898–1976	Research engineer	Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; received some 40 US patents relating to HVAC systems
Curtis, James H (Nick)	1935–	Researcher, chemist (electronics/specialty chemicals)	Organic ionogen for aluminum electrolytic capacitors, cationic dialdehyde polysaccharides for wet strength paper and others, US Patent Office US Pat #3609467 US Pat #3547423 and others
Dabiri, John	1980–	Biophysicist	Expert on jellyfish hydrodynamics and designer of a vertical-axis wind farm adapted from schooling fish
Daly, Marie Maynard	1921–2003	Chemist	First black American woman with a PhD in chemistry
Dean, Mark	1957–	Computer scientist	Led the team that developed the ISA bus, and led the design team responsible for creating the first one-gigahertz computer processor chip	[57][58][59]
Drew, Charles	1904–1950	Medical researcher	Developed improved techniques for blood storage
Du Chaillu, Paul	1831–1903	Zoologist explorer Anthropologist	Explorer; first modern European outsider to confirm the existence of gorillas, and later the Pygmy people of central Africa; identified as white throughout life, but his mother was a Réunionnais mulatto; settled in America and considered it his country by adoption; the full aspects of his ancestry were not uncovered until 1979, and are still little known today
Easley, Annie	1933–2011[60]	Computer scientist	Work at the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics	[60][61]
Ellis, Clarence "Skip"	1943–2014	Computer scientist	First African American with a PhD in computer science; software inventor including OfficeTalk at Xerox PARC	[62][63]
Ezerioha, Bisi	1972–	Automotive engineer	Drag racing engineer and driver
Ferguson, Lloyd Noel	1918–2011	Chemist, educator	Chemistry doctorate, first received (1943, University of California, Berkeley)	[64][65][66]
Fryer, Roland G., Jr.	1977–	Economist, social scientist, statistician	Inequality studies
Gates, Sylvester James	1950–	Theoretical physicist	Work on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory	[67][68]
Goode, Sarah E.	1855–1905	Inventor	Cabinet bed invention; first African-American woman to receive a patent in the United States	[69][70]
Gilbert, Juan E.	1969–	Computer scientist	Awarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair at Clemson University in honor of his accomplishments
Grant, George F.	1846–1910	Dentist, professor	The first African-American professor at Harvard, Boston dentist, and inventor of a wooden golf tee.	[71]
Graves, Joseph L.	1955–	Evolutionary biologist		[72][73][74]
Green, Lisa		Linguist	Specializes in syntax and the study of African American English
Greenaugh, Kevin	1956–	Nuclear engineer		[75]
Griffin, Bessie Blount	1914–2009	Physical therapist, inventor	Amputee self-feeding device	[76][77]
Hall, Lloyd	1894–1971	Chemist
Harris, James A.	1932–2000		Co-discovered Rutherfordium (element 104) and Dubnium (element 105) at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory	[78]
Hawkins, Walter Lincoln	1911–1992	Scientist	Inventor at Bell Laboratories	[79]
Hodge, John E.	1914–1996	Chemist
Holley, Kerrie	1954–	Computer scientist	IBM's 1st black Distinguished Engineer and 2nd black IBM Fellow. Inventor of several software engineering techniques including system and methods for locating mobile devices using location and presence information	[80]
Jackson, John W	1953–2007	Electrical Engineer, inventor	Co-inventor of imaging x-ray spectrometer.
Jackson, Mary	1921–2005	Mathematician, Aerospace engineer	NASA's first black female engineer
Jackson, Dr. Shirley	1946–	Physicist	Helped develop technologies leading to the invention of the touch-tone telephone, portable fax, solar cells, fiber optic cables, and the technology enabling caller ID and call waiting.[citation needed] However, in a recent article from MIT, there is no evidence that she helped to develop these technologies.[81]	[46][82]
Jarvis, Erich	1965–	Neurobiologist	Duke University neuroscience bird songs studies	[83][84][85]
Jennings, Thomas L.	1791–1856	Inventor	First African American to be granted a patent (for a dry cleaning process called dry scouring)	[86]
Johnson, Isaac	18xx– ?	Inventor	Held patent for improvements to the bicycle frame, specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage	[87]
Johnson, Lonnie	1949–	Mechanical engineer, nuclear engineer, inventor	Invented Super Soaker while researching thermal energy transfer engines; worked with NASA; holder of over 80 patents	[4][88][89][90]
Isola, Oluwabusuyi	1965–	Professor, International Finance, inventor	Invented Double Sided Guitar
Johnson, Katherine	1918–2020	Physicist, mathematician	Made contributions to the United States' aeronautics and space programs with the early application of digital electronic computers at NASA.
Jones, Frederick McKinley	1893–1961	Inventor	Invented refrigerated truck systems	[91]
Julian, Percy	1899–1975	Chemist	First to synthesize the natural product physostigmine; earned 130 chemical patents; lauded for humanitarian achievements	[92][93][94][95]
Just, Ernest	1883–1941	Woods Hole Marine Biology Institute biologist	Provided basic and initial descriptions of the structure–function–property relationship of the plasma membrane of biological cells	[96][97][98]
Kittles, Rick	1967–	Geneticist	Work in tracing the ancestry of African Americans via DNA testing	[99][100]
Kountz, Samuel L.	1930–1981	Transplant surgeon, researcher	Organ transplantation pioneer, particularly renal transplant research and surgery; author or co-author of 172 articles in scientific publications	[101][102][103][104]
Latimer, Lewis	1848–1928	Inventor, draftsman, expert witness	Worked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison; became a member of Edison's Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits; said to have invented the water closet	[105][106][107][108]
Lawson, Jerry	1940–2011	Computer engineer	Designer of Fairchild Channel F, the first programmable ROM cartridge-based video game console	[109][110]
Lee, Raphael Carl	1949–	Surgeon, biomedical engineer[citation needed]	Paul and Aileen Russell Professor, Pritzker School of Medicine; MacArthur Fellow, Searle Scholar, founder and chairman, Avocet Polymer Technologies, Inc.; founder and chairman, Renacyte BioMolecular Technologies, Inc; discovered use of surfactant copolymers as molecular chaperones to augment endogenous injury repair mechanisms of living cells; holder of many patents covering scar treatment therapies, tissue engineered ligaments, brain trauma therapies, and protective garments[citation needed]	[citation needed]
Lynk, Beebe Steven	1872–1948	Chemist	Teacher at West Tennessee University
Mahoney, Mary	1845–1926	Nurse	First African American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States[111]
Matzeliger, Jan	1852–1889	Inventor	Shoe assembly Machine	[112][113]
McBay, Henry	1914–1995	Chemist	His discoveries allowed chemists around the world to create inexpensive peroxide compounds	[114][115]
McCoy, Elijah	1844–1929	Inventor	Invented a version of the automatic lubricator for steam engines, McCoy learned a great deal of his skills from a mechanical apprenticeship when he was age fifteen .	[116][117]
McLurkin, James	1972–	Roboticist		[118]
McWhorter, John	1965–	Linguist	Specializes in the study of creole language formation
Montgomery, Benjamin	1819–1877	Inventor	Designed a steam operated propeller to provide propulsion to boats in shallow water
Moore, Willie Hobbs	1934–1994	Physicist	First African American woman to earn a PhD in Physics (University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972) on vibrational analysis of secondary chlorides	[119]
Morgan, Garrett	1877–1963	Inventor	Invented an early version of a gas mask called a smoke hood, and created the first traffic light that included a third "warning" position which is standard today. Morgan also developed a chemical that was used in hair products for hair-straightening.	[120][121]
Mensah, Thomas	1950-	Inventor
Miles, Alexander	1838–1918	Inventor	Invented electric elevator doors that automatically open and close	[122]
Nriagu, Jerome	1944–	Geochemist	Studies toxic metals in the environment; supporter of the lead poisoning thesis of the decline of the Roman Empire
Ogbu, John Uzo	1939–2003	Anthropologist	Ethnic studies in education and economics	[123][124]
Olukotun, Kunle	19xx–	Computer scientist	Early advocate and researcher of multi-core processors
Oyekan, Soni	1946–	Chemical engineer	Inventions in oil refining
Parker, Alice H.	1895–	Inventor	Furnace for Central Heating
Poindexter, Hildrus	1901–1987	Bacteriologist, epidemiologist	Work on the epidemiology of tropical diseases, including malaria
Petters, Arlie	1964–	Physicist	Work on the mathematical physics of gravitational lensing
Quarterman, Lloyd Albert	1918–1982	Scientist, fluoride chemist	Manhattan Project, worked with Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi
Renfroe, Earl	1907–2000	Orthodontist		[125][126]
Rillieux, Norbert	1806–1894	Engineer, inventor	Inventor of the multiple-effect evaporator	[127]
Robinson, Larry	1957–	Environmental chemist	Investigated possible role of arsenic in the death of Zachary Taylor; interim president of Florida A&M University
Ross, Archia	Turn of 20th century	Inventor	A runner for stoops (1896), bag closure device (1898), a wrinkle-preventing trouser stretcher (1899), a garment-hanger (1903), and a holder for brooms and like articles.	[128][129][130][131][132]
Russell, Jesse	1948–	Engineer, inventor	Wireless communications engineer
Sammons, Walter	1890–1973	Inventor	Patent for hot comb	[133]
Sowell, Thomas	1930–	Economist, social scientist	Economist, social theorist and political philosopher	[134][135][136][137]
Steele, Claude	1946–	Psychologist, social scientist	Stereotype threat studies
Stiff, Lee	1941–	Mathematician	President of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics from 2000 to 2002	[138]
Snyder, Window	1976–	Computer engineer	Security engineer at Microsoft, Mozilla, and Apple
Temple, Lewis	1800–1854	Inventor, blacksmith, abolitionist	Inventor of the toggling whaling harpoon head	[139]
Thomas, Vivien	1910–1985	Surgical technician	Blue baby syndrome treatment in the 1940s	[140][141][142]
Turner, Charles Henry	1867–1923	Zoologist	First person to prove that insects can hear and can distinguish pitch, that cockroaches can learn by trial and error, and that honeybees can see color; first African-American to receive a PhD from the University of Chicago	[143]
Tyree, G. Bernadette	19xx–	Biochemist[citation needed]	Program Director, Division of Musculoskeletal Diseases, at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health	[144]
Tyson, Neil deGrasse	1958–	Astronomer	Researcher and popular educator in astronomy and the sciences	[145][146][147]
Vaughan, Dorothy	1910–2008	Mathematician	Worked for NACA and NASA at Langley Research Center
Valerino, Powtawche	1980	Engineer	Worked for JPL and NASA at Langley Research Center
Walker, Arthur B. C., Jr.	1936–2001	Astronomer	Developed normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes to photograph the solar corona	[148][149][150]
Walker, C. J.	1867–1919	Inventor	Created black cosmetic products	[151]
Washington, Warren M.	1936–	Atmospheric scientist	Former chair of the National Science Board	[152][153][154][155]
West, James E.	1931–	Acoustician, inventor	Co-developed the foil electret microphone	[156][157][158]
Wilkins, J. Ernest, Jr.	1923–2011	Mathematician, engineer, nuclear scientist	Entered University of Chicago at age 13; PhD at 19; worked on the Manhattan Project; wrote over 100 scientific papers; helped recruit minorities into the sciences	[159][160][161]
Williams, Daniel	1856–1931	Surgeon	The first black person on record to have successfully performed pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart) surgery to repair a wound.	[162][circular reference]
Williams, Scott W.	1943–	Mathematician
Williams, Walter E.	1936–	Economist, social scientist		[163][164][165]
Woods, Granville	1856–1910	Inventor	Invented the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph	[166]
Wright, Jane C.	1919–2013	Cancer research and surgeon	Noted for her contributions to chemotherapy and for pioneering the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer
Wright, Louis T.	1891–1952	Surgeon	Led team that first used Aureomycin as a treatment on humans	[167][168][169]
Young, Roger Arliner	1899–1964	Zoologist	First African-American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology	[170][171]

See also[edit]

• Lists of African Americans
• List of inventors
• History of United States patent law
• Lemelson–MIT Prize
• NASA spinoff
• National Inventors Hall of Fame
• Science and technology in the United States
• Technological and industrial history of the United States
• Timeline of United States discoveries
• Timeline of United States inventions
• United States patent law
• United States Patent and Trademark Office
• Yankee ingenuity
• African American women in computer science
• African-American women in medicine
• List of African-American women in STEM fields
• List of African-American mathematicians
• List of African scientists, inventors, and scholars
• African-American dance
• Asian Americans in science and technology

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

• The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences
• The Black Inventor Online Museum
• LittleAfrica.com website